vpMbtDistanceLine.cpp

/****************************************************************************
 *
 * ViSP, open source Visual Servoing Platform software.
 * Copyright (C) 2005 - 2019 by Inria. All rights reserved.
 *
 * This software is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
 * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
 * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
 * (at your option) any later version.
 * See the file LICENSE.txt at the root directory of this source
 * distribution for additional information about the GNU GPL.
 *
 * For using ViSP with software that can not be combined with the GNU
 * GPL, please contact Inria about acquiring a ViSP Professional
 * Edition License.
 *
 * See http://visp.inria.fr for more information.
 *
 * This software was developed at:
 * Inria Rennes - Bretagne Atlantique
 * Campus Universitaire de Beaulieu
 * 35042 Rennes Cedex
 * France
 *
 * If you have questions regarding the use of this file, please contact
 * Inria at visp@inria.fr
 *
 * This file is provided AS IS with NO WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, INCLUDING THE
 * WARRANTY OF DESIGN, MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
 *
 * Description:
 * Make the complete tracking of an object by using its CAD model
 *
 * Authors:
 * Nicolas Melchior
 * Romain Tallonneau
 * Eric Marchand
 *
 *****************************************************************************/
#include <visp3/core/vpConfig.h>

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <visp3/core/vpMeterPixelConversion.h>
#include <visp3/core/vpPlane.h>
#include <visp3/mbt/vpMbtDistanceLine.h>
#include <visp3/visual_features/vpFeatureBuilder.h>

void buildPlane(vpPoint &P, vpPoint &Q, vpPoint &R, vpPlane &plane);
void buildLine(vpPoint &P1, vpPoint &P2, vpPoint &P3, vpPoint &P4, vpLine &L);

vpMbtDistanceLine::vpMbtDistanceLine()
  : name(), index(0), cam(), me(NULL), isTrackedLine(true), isTrackedLineWithVisibility(true), wmean(1), featureline(),
    poly(), useScanLine(false), meline(), line(NULL), p1(NULL), p2(NULL), L(), error(), nbFeature(), nbFeatureTotal(0),
    Reinit(false), hiddenface(NULL), Lindex_polygon(), Lindex_polygon_tracked(), isvisible(false)
{
}

vpMbtDistanceLine::~vpMbtDistanceLine()
{
  //    cout << "Deleting line " << index << endl;
  if (line != NULL)
    delete line;

  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < meline.size(); i++)
    if (meline[i] != NULL)
      delete meline[i];

  meline.clear();
}

void vpMbtDistanceLine::project(const vpHomogeneousMatrix &cMo)
{
  line->project(cMo);
  p1->project(cMo);
  p2->project(cMo);
}

void buildPlane(vpPoint &P, vpPoint &Q, vpPoint &R, vpPlane &plane)
{
  vpColVector a(3);
  vpColVector b(3);

  // Calculate vector corresponding to PQ
  a[0] = P.get_oX() - Q.get_oX();
  a[1] = P.get_oY() - Q.get_oY();
  a[2] = P.get_oZ() - Q.get_oZ();

  // Calculate vector corresponding to PR
  b[0] = P.get_oX() - R.get_oX();
  b[1] = P.get_oY() - R.get_oY();
  b[2] = P.get_oZ() - R.get_oZ();

  // Calculate normal vector to plane PQ x PR
  vpColVector n = vpColVector::cross(a, b);

  // Equation of the plane is given by:
  double A = n[0];
  double B = n[1];
  double C = n[2];
  double D = -(A * P.get_oX() + B * P.get_oY() + C * P.get_oZ());

  double norm = sqrt(A * A + B * B + C * C);
  plane.setA(A / norm);
  plane.setB(B / norm);
  plane.setC(C / norm);
  plane.setD(D / norm);
}

void buildLine(vpPoint &P1, vpPoint &P2, vpPoint &P3, vpPoint &P4, vpLine &L)
{
  vpPlane plane1;
  vpPlane plane2;
  buildPlane(P1, P2, P3, plane1);
  buildPlane(P1, P2, P4, plane2);

  L.setWorldCoordinates(plane1.getA(), plane1.getB(), plane1.getC(), plane1.getD(), plane2.getA(), plane2.getB(),
                        plane2.getC(), plane2.getD());
}

void vpMbtDistanceLine::buildFrom(vpPoint &_p1, vpPoint &_p2, vpUniRand &rand_gen)
{
  if (line == NULL) {
    line = new vpLine;
  }

  poly.setNbPoint(2);
  poly.addPoint(0, _p1);
  poly.addPoint(1, _p2);

  p1 = &poly.p[0];
  p2 = &poly.p[1];

  vpColVector V1(3);
  vpColVector V2(3);

  V1[0] = p1->get_oX();
  V1[1] = p1->get_oY();
  V1[2] = p1->get_oZ();
  V2[0] = p2->get_oX();
  V2[1] = p2->get_oY();
  V2[2] = p2->get_oZ();

  // if((V1-V2).sumSquare()!=0)
  if (std::fabs((V1 - V2).sumSquare()) > std::numeric_limits<double>::epsilon()) {
    vpColVector V3(3);
    V3[0] = double(rand_gen.next() % 1000) / 100;
    V3[1] = double(rand_gen.next() % 1000) / 100;
    V3[2] = double(rand_gen.next() % 1000) / 100;

    vpColVector v_tmp1, v_tmp2;
    v_tmp1 = V2 - V1;
    v_tmp2 = V3 - V1;
    vpColVector V4 = vpColVector::cross(v_tmp1, v_tmp2);

    vpPoint P3(V3[0], V3[1], V3[2]);
    vpPoint P4(V4[0], V4[1], V4[2]);
    buildLine(*p1, *p2, P3, P4, *line);
  } else {
    vpPoint P3(V1[0], V1[1], V1[2]);
    vpPoint P4(V2[0], V2[1], V2[2]);
    buildLine(*p1, *p2, P3, P4, *line);
  }
}

void vpMbtDistanceLine::addPolygon(const int &idx)
{
  Lindex_polygon.push_back(idx);
  Lindex_polygon_tracked.push_back(true);
}

void vpMbtDistanceLine::setTracked(const std::string &polyname, const bool &track)
{
  unsigned int ind = 0;
  for (std::list<int>::const_iterator itpoly = Lindex_polygon.begin(); itpoly != Lindex_polygon.end(); ++itpoly) {
    if ((*hiddenface)[(unsigned)(*itpoly)]->getName() == polyname) {
      Lindex_polygon_tracked[ind] = track;
    }
    ind++;
  }

  isTrackedLine = false;
  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < Lindex_polygon_tracked.size(); i++)
    if (Lindex_polygon_tracked[i]) {
      isTrackedLine = true;
      break;
    }

  if (!isTrackedLine) {
    isTrackedLineWithVisibility = false;
    return;
  }

  updateTracked();
}

void vpMbtDistanceLine::updateTracked()
{
  if (!isTrackedLine) {
    isTrackedLineWithVisibility = false;
    return;
  }

  unsigned int ind = 0;
  isTrackedLineWithVisibility = false;
  for (std::list<int>::const_iterator itpoly = Lindex_polygon.begin(); itpoly != Lindex_polygon.end(); ++itpoly) {
    if ((*hiddenface)[(unsigned)(*itpoly)]->isVisible() && Lindex_polygon_tracked[ind]) {
      isTrackedLineWithVisibility = true;
      break;
    }
    ind++;
  }
}

void vpMbtDistanceLine::setMovingEdge(vpMe *_me)
{
  me = _me;

  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < meline.size(); i++)
    if (meline[i] != NULL) {
      //      nbFeature[i] = 0;
      meline[i]->reset();
      meline[i]->setMe(me);
    }

  //  nbFeatureTotal = 0;
}

bool vpMbtDistanceLine::initMovingEdge(const vpImage<unsigned char> &I, const vpHomogeneousMatrix &cMo, bool doNotTrack,
                                       const vpImage<bool> *mask)
{
  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < meline.size(); i++) {
    if (meline[i] != NULL)
      delete meline[i];
  }

  meline.clear();
  nbFeature.clear();
  nbFeatureTotal = 0;

  if (isvisible) {
    p1->changeFrame(cMo);
    p2->changeFrame(cMo);

    if (poly.getClipping() > 3) // Contains at least one FOV constraint
      cam.computeFov(I.getWidth(), I.getHeight());

    poly.computePolygonClipped(cam);

    if (poly.polyClipped.size() == 2) { // Les points sont visibles.

      std::vector<std::pair<vpPoint, vpPoint> > linesLst;

      if (useScanLine) {
        hiddenface->computeScanLineQuery(poly.polyClipped[0].first, poly.polyClipped[1].first, linesLst);
      } else {
        linesLst.push_back(std::make_pair(poly.polyClipped[0].first, poly.polyClipped[1].first));
      }

      if (linesLst.size() == 0) {
        return false;
      }

      line->changeFrame(cMo);
      try {
        line->projection();
      } catch (...) {
        isvisible = false;
        return false;
      }
      double rho, theta;
      // rho theta uv
      vpMeterPixelConversion::convertLine(cam, line->getRho(), line->getTheta(), rho, theta);

      while (theta > M_PI) {
        theta -= M_PI;
      }
      while (theta < -M_PI) {
        theta += M_PI;
      }

      if (theta < -M_PI / 2.0)
        theta = -theta - 3 * M_PI / 2.0;
      else
        theta = M_PI / 2.0 - theta;

      for (unsigned int i = 0; i < linesLst.size(); i++) {
        vpImagePoint ip1, ip2;

        linesLst[i].first.project();
        linesLst[i].second.project();

        vpMeterPixelConversion::convertPoint(cam, linesLst[i].first.get_x(), linesLst[i].first.get_y(), ip1);
        vpMeterPixelConversion::convertPoint(cam, linesLst[i].second.get_x(), linesLst[i].second.get_y(), ip2);

        vpMbtMeLine *melinePt = new vpMbtMeLine;
        melinePt->setMask(*mask);
        melinePt->setMe(me);

        melinePt->setInitRange(0);

        int marge = /*10*/ 5; // ou 5 normalement
        if (ip1.get_j() < ip2.get_j()) {
          melinePt->jmin = (int)ip1.get_j() - marge;
          melinePt->jmax = (int)ip2.get_j() + marge;
        } else {
          melinePt->jmin = (int)ip2.get_j() - marge;
          melinePt->jmax = (int)ip1.get_j() + marge;
        }
        if (ip1.get_i() < ip2.get_i()) {
          melinePt->imin = (int)ip1.get_i() - marge;
          melinePt->imax = (int)ip2.get_i() + marge;
        } else {
          melinePt->imin = (int)ip2.get_i() - marge;
          melinePt->imax = (int)ip1.get_i() + marge;
        }

        try {
          melinePt->initTracking(I, ip1, ip2, rho, theta, doNotTrack);
          meline.push_back(melinePt);
          nbFeature.push_back((unsigned int)melinePt->getMeList().size());
          nbFeatureTotal += nbFeature.back();
        } catch (...) {
          delete melinePt;
          isvisible = false;
          return false;
        }
      }
    } else {
      isvisible = false;
    }
  }

  return true;
}

void vpMbtDistanceLine::trackMovingEdge(const vpImage<unsigned char> &I)
{
  if (isvisible) {
    try {
      nbFeature.clear();
      nbFeatureTotal = 0;
      for (size_t i = 0; i < meline.size(); i++) {
        meline[i]->track(I);
        nbFeature.push_back((unsigned int)meline[i]->getMeList().size());
        nbFeatureTotal += (unsigned int)meline[i]->getMeList().size();
      }
    } catch (...) {
      for (size_t i = 0; i < meline.size(); i++) {
        if (meline[i] != NULL)
          delete meline[i];
      }

      nbFeature.clear();
      meline.clear();
      nbFeatureTotal = 0;
      Reinit = true;
      isvisible = false;
    }
  }
}

void vpMbtDistanceLine::updateMovingEdge(const vpImage<unsigned char> &I, const vpHomogeneousMatrix &cMo)
{
  if (isvisible) {
    p1->changeFrame(cMo);
    p2->changeFrame(cMo);

    if (poly.getClipping() > 3) // Contains at least one FOV constraint
      cam.computeFov(I.getWidth(), I.getHeight());

    poly.computePolygonClipped(cam);

    if (poly.polyClipped.size() == 2) { // Les points sont visibles.

      std::vector<std::pair<vpPoint, vpPoint> > linesLst;

      if (useScanLine) {
        hiddenface->computeScanLineQuery(poly.polyClipped[0].first, poly.polyClipped[1].first, linesLst);
      } else {
        linesLst.push_back(std::make_pair(poly.polyClipped[0].first, poly.polyClipped[1].first));
      }

      if (linesLst.size() != meline.size() || linesLst.size() == 0) {
        for (size_t i = 0; i < meline.size(); i++) {
          if (meline[i] != NULL)
            delete meline[i];
        }

        meline.clear();
        nbFeature.clear();
        nbFeatureTotal = 0;
        isvisible = false;
        Reinit = true;
      } else {
        line->changeFrame(cMo);
        try {
          line->projection();
        } catch (...) {
          for (size_t j = 0; j < meline.size(); j++) {
            if (meline[j] != NULL)
              delete meline[j];
          }

          meline.clear();
          nbFeature.clear();
          nbFeatureTotal = 0;
          isvisible = false;
          Reinit = true;
          return;
        }
        double rho, theta;
        // rho theta uv
        vpMeterPixelConversion::convertLine(cam, line->getRho(), line->getTheta(), rho, theta);

        while (theta > M_PI) {
          theta -= M_PI;
        }
        while (theta < -M_PI) {
          theta += M_PI;
        }

        if (theta < -M_PI / 2.0)
          theta = -theta - 3 * M_PI / 2.0;
        else
          theta = M_PI / 2.0 - theta;

        try {
          for (unsigned int i = 0; i < linesLst.size(); i++) {
            vpImagePoint ip1, ip2;

            linesLst[i].first.project();
            linesLst[i].second.project();

            vpMeterPixelConversion::convertPoint(cam, linesLst[i].first.get_x(), linesLst[i].first.get_y(), ip1);
            vpMeterPixelConversion::convertPoint(cam, linesLst[i].second.get_x(), linesLst[i].second.get_y(), ip2);

            int marge = /*10*/ 5; // ou 5 normalement
            if (ip1.get_j() < ip2.get_j()) {
              meline[i]->jmin = (int)ip1.get_j() - marge;
              meline[i]->jmax = (int)ip2.get_j() + marge;
            } else {
              meline[i]->jmin = (int)ip2.get_j() - marge;
              meline[i]->jmax = (int)ip1.get_j() + marge;
            }
            if (ip1.get_i() < ip2.get_i()) {
              meline[i]->imin = (int)ip1.get_i() - marge;
              meline[i]->imax = (int)ip2.get_i() + marge;
            } else {
              meline[i]->imin = (int)ip2.get_i() - marge;
              meline[i]->imax = (int)ip1.get_i() + marge;
            }

            meline[i]->updateParameters(I, ip1, ip2, rho, theta);
            nbFeature[i] = (unsigned int)meline[i]->getMeList().size();
            nbFeatureTotal += nbFeature[i];
          }
        } catch (...) {
          for (size_t j = 0; j < meline.size(); j++) {
            if (meline[j] != NULL)
              delete meline[j];
          }

          meline.clear();
          nbFeature.clear();
          nbFeatureTotal = 0;
          isvisible = false;
          Reinit = true;
        }
      }
    } else {
      for (size_t i = 0; i < meline.size(); i++) {
        if (meline[i] != NULL)
          delete meline[i];
      }
      nbFeature.clear();
      meline.clear();
      nbFeatureTotal = 0;
      isvisible = false;
    }
  }
}

void vpMbtDistanceLine::reinitMovingEdge(const vpImage<unsigned char> &I, const vpHomogeneousMatrix &cMo,
                                         const vpImage<bool> *mask)
{
  for (size_t i = 0; i < meline.size(); i++) {
    if (meline[i] != NULL)
      delete meline[i];
  }

  nbFeature.clear();
  meline.clear();
  nbFeatureTotal = 0;

  if (!initMovingEdge(I, cMo, false, mask))
    Reinit = true;

  Reinit = false;
}

void vpMbtDistanceLine::display(const vpImage<unsigned char> &I, const vpHomogeneousMatrix &cMo,
                                const vpCameraParameters &camera, const vpColor &col, unsigned int thickness,
                                bool displayFullModel)
{
  std::vector<std::vector<double> > models =
      getModelForDisplay(I.getWidth(), I.getHeight(), cMo, camera, displayFullModel);

  for (size_t i = 0; i < models.size(); i++) {
    vpImagePoint ip1(models[i][1], models[i][2]);
    vpImagePoint ip2(models[i][3], models[i][4]);
    vpDisplay::displayLine(I, ip1, ip2, col, thickness);
  }
}

void vpMbtDistanceLine::display(const vpImage<vpRGBa> &I, const vpHomogeneousMatrix &cMo,
                                const vpCameraParameters &camera, const vpColor &col, unsigned int thickness,
                                bool displayFullModel)
{
  std::vector<std::vector<double> > models =
      getModelForDisplay(I.getWidth(), I.getHeight(), cMo, camera, displayFullModel);

  for (size_t i = 0; i < models.size(); i++) {
    vpImagePoint ip1(models[i][1], models[i][2]);
    vpImagePoint ip2(models[i][3], models[i][4]);
    vpDisplay::displayLine(I, ip1, ip2, col, thickness);
  }
}

void vpMbtDistanceLine::displayMovingEdges(const vpImage<unsigned char> &I)
{
  for (size_t i = 0; i < meline.size(); i++) {
    if (meline[i] != NULL) {
      meline[i]->display(I);
    }
  }
}

void vpMbtDistanceLine::displayMovingEdges(const vpImage<vpRGBa> &I)
{
  for (size_t i = 0; i < meline.size(); i++) {
    if (meline[i] != NULL) {
      meline[i]->display(I);
    }
  }
}

std::vector<std::vector<double> > vpMbtDistanceLine::getFeaturesForDisplay()
{
  std::vector<std::vector<double> > features;

  for (size_t i = 0; i < meline.size(); i++) {
    vpMbtMeLine *me_l = meline[i];
    if (me_l != NULL) {
      for (std::list<vpMeSite>::const_iterator it = me_l->getMeList().begin(); it != me_l->getMeList().end(); ++it) {
        vpMeSite p_me_l = *it;
#if (VISP_CXX_STANDARD >= VISP_CXX_STANDARD_11)
        std::vector<double> params = {0, // ME
                                      p_me_l.get_ifloat(), p_me_l.get_jfloat(), static_cast<double>(p_me_l.getState())};
#else
        std::vector<double> params;
        params.push_back(0); // ME
        params.push_back(p_me_l.get_ifloat());
        params.push_back(p_me_l.get_jfloat());
        params.push_back(static_cast<double>(p_me_l.getState()));
#endif
        features.push_back(params);
      }
    }
  }

  return features;
}

std::vector<std::vector<double> > vpMbtDistanceLine::getModelForDisplay(unsigned int width, unsigned int height,
                                                                        const vpHomogeneousMatrix &cMo,
                                                                        const vpCameraParameters &camera,
                                                                        bool displayFullModel)
{
  std::vector<std::vector<double> > models;

  if ((isvisible && isTrackedLine) || displayFullModel) {
    p1->changeFrame(cMo);
    p2->changeFrame(cMo);

    vpImagePoint ip1, ip2;
    vpCameraParameters c = camera;
    if (poly.getClipping() > 3) // Contains at least one FOV constraint
      c.computeFov(width, height);

    poly.computePolygonClipped(c);

    if (poly.polyClipped.size() == 2 &&
        ((poly.polyClipped[1].second & poly.polyClipped[0].second & vpPolygon3D::NEAR_CLIPPING) == 0) &&
        ((poly.polyClipped[1].second & poly.polyClipped[0].second & vpPolygon3D::FAR_CLIPPING) == 0) &&
        ((poly.polyClipped[1].second & poly.polyClipped[0].second & vpPolygon3D::DOWN_CLIPPING) == 0) &&
        ((poly.polyClipped[1].second & poly.polyClipped[0].second & vpPolygon3D::UP_CLIPPING) == 0) &&
        ((poly.polyClipped[1].second & poly.polyClipped[0].second & vpPolygon3D::LEFT_CLIPPING) == 0) &&
        ((poly.polyClipped[1].second & poly.polyClipped[0].second & vpPolygon3D::RIGHT_CLIPPING) == 0)) {

      std::vector<std::pair<vpPoint, vpPoint> > linesLst;
      if (useScanLine && !displayFullModel) {
        hiddenface->computeScanLineQuery(poly.polyClipped[0].first, poly.polyClipped[1].first, linesLst, true);
      } else {
        linesLst.push_back(std::make_pair(poly.polyClipped[0].first, poly.polyClipped[1].first));
      }

      for (unsigned int i = 0; i < linesLst.size(); i++) {
        linesLst[i].first.project();
        linesLst[i].second.project();

        vpMeterPixelConversion::convertPoint(camera, linesLst[i].first.get_x(), linesLst[i].first.get_y(), ip1);
        vpMeterPixelConversion::convertPoint(camera, linesLst[i].second.get_x(), linesLst[i].second.get_y(), ip2);

#if (VISP_CXX_STANDARD >= VISP_CXX_STANDARD_11)
        std::vector<double> params = {0, // 0 for line parameters
                                      ip1.get_i(), ip1.get_j(), ip2.get_i(), ip2.get_j()};
#else
        std::vector<double> params;
        params.push_back(0); // 0 for line parameters
        params.push_back(ip1.get_i());
        params.push_back(ip1.get_j());
        params.push_back(ip2.get_i());
        params.push_back(ip2.get_j());
#endif
        models.push_back(params);
      }
    }
  }

  return models;
}

void vpMbtDistanceLine::initInteractionMatrixError()
{
  if (isvisible) {
    L.resize(nbFeatureTotal, 6);
    error.resize(nbFeatureTotal);
  } else {
    for (size_t i = 0; i < meline.size(); i++) {
      nbFeature[i] = 0;
      // To be consistent with nbFeature[i] = 0
      std::list<vpMeSite> &me_site_list = meline[i]->getMeList();
      me_site_list.clear();
    }
    nbFeatureTotal = 0;
  }
}

void vpMbtDistanceLine::computeInteractionMatrixError(const vpHomogeneousMatrix &cMo)
{
  if (isvisible) {
    try {
      // feature projection
      line->changeFrame(cMo);
      line->projection();

      vpFeatureBuilder::create(featureline, *line);

      double rho = featureline.getRho();
      double theta = featureline.getTheta();

      double co = cos(theta);
      double si = sin(theta);

      double mx = 1.0 / cam.get_px();
      double my = 1.0 / cam.get_py();
      double xc = cam.get_u0();
      double yc = cam.get_v0();

      double alpha_;
      vpMatrix H = featureline.interaction();

      double x, y;
      unsigned int j = 0;

      for (size_t i = 0; i < meline.size(); i++) {
        for (std::list<vpMeSite>::const_iterator it = meline[i]->getMeList().begin();
             it != meline[i]->getMeList().end(); ++it) {
          x = (double)it->j;
          y = (double)it->i;

          x = (x - xc) * mx;
          y = (y - yc) * my;

          alpha_ = x * si - y * co;

          double *Lrho = H[0];
          double *Ltheta = H[1];
          // Calculate interaction matrix for a distance
          for (unsigned int k = 0; k < 6; k++) {
            L[j][k] = (Lrho[k] + alpha_ * Ltheta[k]);
          }
          error[j] = rho - (x * co + y * si);
          j++;
        }
      }
    } catch (...) {
      // Handle potential exception: due to a degenerate case: the image of the straight line is a point!
      // Set the corresponding interaction matrix part to zero
      unsigned int j = 0;
      for (size_t i = 0; i < meline.size(); i++) {
        for (std::list<vpMeSite>::const_iterator it = meline[i]->getMeList().begin();
             it != meline[i]->getMeList().end(); ++it) {
          for (unsigned int k = 0; k < 6; k++) {
            L[j][k] = 0.0;
          }

          error[j] = 0.0;
          j++;
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

bool vpMbtDistanceLine::closeToImageBorder(const vpImage<unsigned char> &I, const unsigned int threshold)
{
  if (threshold > I.getWidth() || threshold > I.getHeight()) {
    return true;
  }
  if (isvisible) {

    for (size_t i = 0; i < meline.size(); i++) {
      for (std::list<vpMeSite>::const_iterator it = meline[i]->getMeList().begin(); it != meline[i]->getMeList().end();
           ++it) {
        int i_ = it->i;
        int j_ = it->j;

        if (i_ < 0 || j_ < 0) { // out of image.
          return true;
        }

        if (((unsigned int)i_ > (I.getHeight() - threshold)) || (unsigned int)i_ < threshold ||
            ((unsigned int)j_ > (I.getWidth() - threshold)) || (unsigned int)j_ < threshold) {
          return true;
        }
      }
    }
  }
  return false;
}