servoUniversalRobotsIBVS.cpp

Example of eye-in-hand image-based control law. We control here a real robot from Universal Robots. The velocity is computed in the camera frame. Visual features are the image coordinates of 4 points corresponding to the corners of an AprilTag.

The device used to acquire images is a Realsense D435 device.

Camera extrinsic (eMc) parameters are set by default to a value that will not match Your configuration. Use –eMc command line option to read the values from a file. This file could be obtained following extrinsic camera calibration tutorial: https://visp-doc.inria.fr/doxygen/visp-daily/tutorial-calibration-extrinsic.html

Camera intrinsic parameters are retrieved from the Realsense SDK.

The target is an AprilTag that is by default 12cm large. To print your own tag, see https://visp-doc.inria.fr/doxygen/visp-daily/tutorial-detection-apriltag.html You can specify the size of your tag using –tag_size command line option.

/****************************************************************************
 *
 * ViSP, open source Visual Servoing Platform software.
 * Copyright (C) 2005 - 2023 by Inria. All rights reserved.
 *
 * This software is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
 * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
 * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
 * (at your option) any later version.
 * See the file LICENSE.txt at the root directory of this source
 * distribution for additional information about the GNU GPL.
 *
 * For using ViSP with software that can not be combined with the GNU
 * GPL, please contact Inria about acquiring a ViSP Professional
 * Edition License.
 *
 * See https://visp.inria.fr for more information.
 *
 * This software was developed at:
 * Inria Rennes - Bretagne Atlantique
 * Campus Universitaire de Beaulieu
 * 35042 Rennes Cedex
 * France
 *
 * If you have questions regarding the use of this file, please contact
 * Inria at visp@inria.fr
 *
 * This file is provided AS IS with NO WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, INCLUDING THE
 * WARRANTY OF DESIGN, MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
 *
 * Description:
 *   tests the control law
 *   eye-in-hand control
 *   velocity computed in the camera frame
 *
*****************************************************************************/
#include <iostream>
 
#include <visp3/core/vpCameraParameters.h>
#include <visp3/detection/vpDetectorAprilTag.h>
#include <visp3/gui/vpDisplayGDI.h>
#include <visp3/gui/vpDisplayX.h>
#include <visp3/gui/vpPlot.h>
#include <visp3/io/vpImageIo.h>
#include <visp3/robot/vpRobotUniversalRobots.h>
#include <visp3/sensor/vpRealSense2.h>
#include <visp3/visual_features/vpFeatureBuilder.h>
#include <visp3/visual_features/vpFeaturePoint.h>
#include <visp3/vs/vpServo.h>
#include <visp3/vs/vpServoDisplay.h>
 
#if defined(VISP_HAVE_REALSENSE2) && (defined(VISP_HAVE_X11) || defined(VISP_HAVE_GDI)) && defined(VISP_HAVE_UR_RTDE)
 
void display_point_trajectory(const vpImage<unsigned char> &I, const std::vector<vpImagePoint> &vip,
                              std::vector<vpImagePoint> *traj_vip)
{
  for (size_t i = 0; i < vip.size(); i++) {
    if (traj_vip[i].size()) {
      // Add the point only if distance with the previous > 1 pixel
      if (vpImagePoint::distance(vip[i], traj_vip[i].back()) > 1.) {
        traj_vip[i].push_back(vip[i]);
      }
    }
    else {
      traj_vip[i].push_back(vip[i]);
    }
  }
  for (size_t i = 0; i < vip.size(); i++) {
    for (size_t j = 1; j < traj_vip[i].size(); j++) {
      vpDisplay::displayLine(I, traj_vip[i][j - 1], traj_vip[i][j], vpColor::green, 2);
    }
  }
}
 
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
  double opt_tagSize = 0.120;
  std::string opt_robot_ip = "192.168.0.100";
  std::string opt_eMc_filename = "";
  bool display_tag = true;
  int opt_quad_decimate = 2;
  bool opt_verbose = false;
  bool opt_plot = false;
  bool opt_adaptive_gain = false;
  bool opt_task_sequencing = false;
  double convergence_threshold = 0.00005;
 
  for (int i = 1; i < argc; i++) {
    if (std::string(argv[i]) == "--tag_size" && i + 1 < argc) {
      opt_tagSize = std::stod(argv[i + 1]);
    }
    else if (std::string(argv[i]) == "--ip" && i + 1 < argc) {
      opt_robot_ip = std::string(argv[i + 1]);
    }
    else if (std::string(argv[i]) == "--eMc" && i + 1 < argc) {
      opt_eMc_filename = std::string(argv[i + 1]);
    }
    else if (std::string(argv[i]) == "--verbose") {
      opt_verbose = true;
    }
    else if (std::string(argv[i]) == "--plot") {
      opt_plot = true;
    }
    else if (std::string(argv[i]) == "--adaptive_gain") {
      opt_adaptive_gain = true;
    }
    else if (std::string(argv[i]) == "--task_sequencing") {
      opt_task_sequencing = true;
    }
    else if (std::string(argv[i]) == "--quad_decimate" && i + 1 < argc) {
      opt_quad_decimate = std::stoi(argv[i + 1]);
    }
    else if (std::string(argv[i]) == "--no-convergence-threshold") {
      convergence_threshold = 0.;
    }
    else if (std::string(argv[i]) == "--help" || std::string(argv[i]) == "-h") {
      std::cout
        << argv[0] << " [--ip <default " << opt_robot_ip << ">] [--tag_size <marker size in meter; default "
        << opt_tagSize << ">] [--eMc <eMc extrinsic file>] "
        << "[--quad_decimate <decimation; default " << opt_quad_decimate
        << ">] [--adaptive_gain] [--plot] [--task_sequencing] [--no-convergence-threshold] [--verbose] [--help] [-h]"
        << "\n";
      return EXIT_SUCCESS;
    }
  }
 
  vpRobotUniversalRobots robot;
 
  try {
    robot.connect(opt_robot_ip);
 
    std::cout << "WARNING: This example will move the robot! "
      << "Please make sure to have the user stop button at hand!" << std::endl
      << "Press Enter to continue..." << std::endl;
    std::cin.ignore();
 
    /*
     * Move to a safe position
     */
    vpColVector q(6, 0);
    q[0] = -vpMath::rad(16);
    q[1] = -vpMath::rad(120);
    q[2] = vpMath::rad(120);
    q[3] = -vpMath::rad(90);
    q[4] = -vpMath::rad(90);
    q[5] = 0;
    std::cout << "Move to joint position: " << q.t() << std::endl;
    robot.setRobotState(vpRobot::STATE_POSITION_CONTROL);
    robot.setPosition(vpRobot::JOINT_STATE, q);
 
    vpRealSense2 rs;
    rs2::config config;
    unsigned int width = 640, height = 480;
    config.enable_stream(RS2_STREAM_COLOR, 640, 480, RS2_FORMAT_RGBA8, 30);
    config.enable_stream(RS2_STREAM_DEPTH, 640, 480, RS2_FORMAT_Z16, 30);
    config.enable_stream(RS2_STREAM_INFRARED, 640, 480, RS2_FORMAT_Y8, 30);
    rs.open(config);
 
    // Get camera extrinsics
    vpPoseVector ePc;
    // Set camera extrinsics default values
    ePc[0] = -0.0312543;
    ePc[1] = -0.0584638;
    ePc[2] = 0.0309834;
    ePc[3] = -0.00506562;
    ePc[4] = -0.00293325;
    ePc[5] = 0.0117901;
 
    // If provided, read camera extrinsics from --eMc <file>
    if (!opt_eMc_filename.empty()) {
      ePc.loadYAML(opt_eMc_filename, ePc);
    }
    else {
      std::cout << "Warning, opt_eMc_filename is empty! Use hard coded values."
        << "\n";
    }
    vpHomogeneousMatrix eMc(ePc);
    std::cout << "eMc:\n" << eMc << "\n";
 
    // Get camera intrinsics
    vpCameraParameters cam =
      rs.getCameraParameters(RS2_STREAM_COLOR, vpCameraParameters::perspectiveProjWithDistortion);
    std::cout << "cam:\n" << cam << "\n";
 
    vpImage<unsigned char> I(height, width);
 
#if defined(VISP_HAVE_X11)
    vpDisplayX dc(I, 10, 10, "Color image");
#elif defined(VISP_HAVE_GDI)
    vpDisplayGDI dc(I, 10, 10, "Color image");
#endif
 
    vpDetectorAprilTag::vpAprilTagFamily tagFamily = vpDetectorAprilTag::TAG_36h11;
    vpDetectorAprilTag::vpPoseEstimationMethod poseEstimationMethod = vpDetectorAprilTag::HOMOGRAPHY_VIRTUAL_VS;
    // vpDetectorAprilTag::vpPoseEstimationMethod poseEstimationMethod = vpDetectorAprilTag::BEST_RESIDUAL_VIRTUAL_VS;
    vpDetectorAprilTag detector(tagFamily);
    detector.setAprilTagPoseEstimationMethod(poseEstimationMethod);
    detector.setDisplayTag(display_tag);
    detector.setAprilTagQuadDecimate(opt_quad_decimate);
 
    // Servo
    vpHomogeneousMatrix cdMc, cMo, oMo;
 
    // Desired pose used to compute the desired features
    vpHomogeneousMatrix cdMo(vpTranslationVector(0, 0, opt_tagSize * 3), // 3 times tag with along camera z axis
                             vpRotationMatrix({ 1, 0, 0, 0, -1, 0, 0, 0, -1 }));
 
    // Create visual features
    std::vector<vpFeaturePoint> p(4), pd(4); // We use 4 points
 
    // Define 4 3D points corresponding to the CAD model of the Apriltag
    std::vector<vpPoint> point(4);
    point[0].setWorldCoordinates(-opt_tagSize / 2., -opt_tagSize / 2., 0);
    point[1].setWorldCoordinates(opt_tagSize / 2., -opt_tagSize / 2., 0);
    point[2].setWorldCoordinates(opt_tagSize / 2., opt_tagSize / 2., 0);
    point[3].setWorldCoordinates(-opt_tagSize / 2., opt_tagSize / 2., 0);
 
    vpServo task;
    // Add the 4 visual feature points
    for (size_t i = 0; i < p.size(); i++) {
      task.addFeature(p[i], pd[i]);
    }
    task.setServo(vpServo::EYEINHAND_CAMERA);
    task.setInteractionMatrixType(vpServo::CURRENT);
 
    if (opt_adaptive_gain) {
      vpAdaptiveGain lambda(1.5, 0.4, 30); // lambda(0)=4, lambda(oo)=0.4 and lambda'(0)=30
      task.setLambda(lambda);
    }
    else {
      task.setLambda(0.5);
    }
 
    vpPlot *plotter = nullptr;
    int iter_plot = 0;
 
    if (opt_plot) {
      plotter = new vpPlot(2, static_cast<int>(250 * 2), 500, static_cast<int>(I.getWidth()) + 80, 10,
                           "Real time curves plotter");
      plotter->setTitle(0, "Visual features error");
      plotter->setTitle(1, "Camera velocities");
      plotter->initGraph(0, 8);
      plotter->initGraph(1, 6);
      plotter->setLegend(0, 0, "error_feat_p1_x");
      plotter->setLegend(0, 1, "error_feat_p1_y");
      plotter->setLegend(0, 2, "error_feat_p2_x");
      plotter->setLegend(0, 3, "error_feat_p2_y");
      plotter->setLegend(0, 4, "error_feat_p3_x");
      plotter->setLegend(0, 5, "error_feat_p3_y");
      plotter->setLegend(0, 6, "error_feat_p4_x");
      plotter->setLegend(0, 7, "error_feat_p4_y");
      plotter->setLegend(1, 0, "vc_x");
      plotter->setLegend(1, 1, "vc_y");
      plotter->setLegend(1, 2, "vc_z");
      plotter->setLegend(1, 3, "wc_x");
      plotter->setLegend(1, 4, "wc_y");
      plotter->setLegend(1, 5, "wc_z");
    }
 
    bool final_quit = false;
    bool has_converged = false;
    bool send_velocities = false;
    bool servo_started = false;
    std::vector<vpImagePoint> *traj_corners = nullptr; // To memorize point trajectory
 
    static double t_init_servo = vpTime::measureTimeMs();
 
    robot.set_eMc(eMc); // Set location of the camera wrt end-effector frame
    robot.setRobotState(vpRobot::STATE_VELOCITY_CONTROL);
 
    while (!has_converged && !final_quit) {
      double t_start = vpTime::measureTimeMs();
 
      rs.acquire(I);
 
      vpDisplay::display(I);
 
      std::vector<vpHomogeneousMatrix> cMo_vec;
      detector.detect(I, opt_tagSize, cam, cMo_vec);
 
      {
        std::stringstream ss;
        ss << "Left click to " << (send_velocities ? "stop the robot" : "servo the robot") << ", right click to quit.";
        vpDisplay::displayText(I, 20, 20, ss.str(), vpColor::red);
      }
 
      vpColVector v_c(6);
 
      // Only one tag is detected
      if (cMo_vec.size() == 1) {
        cMo = cMo_vec[0];
 
        static bool first_time = true;
        if (first_time) {
          // Introduce security wrt tag positioning in order to avoid PI rotation
          std::vector<vpHomogeneousMatrix> v_oMo(2), v_cdMc(2);
          v_oMo[1].buildFrom(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, M_PI);
          for (size_t i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
            v_cdMc[i] = cdMo * v_oMo[i] * cMo.inverse();
          }
          if (std::fabs(v_cdMc[0].getThetaUVector().getTheta()) < std::fabs(v_cdMc[1].getThetaUVector().getTheta())) {
            oMo = v_oMo[0];
          }
          else {
            std::cout << "Desired frame modified to avoid PI rotation of the camera" << std::endl;
            oMo = v_oMo[1]; // Introduce PI rotation
          }
 
          // Compute the desired position of the features from the desired pose
          for (size_t i = 0; i < point.size(); i++) {
            vpColVector cP, p_;
            point[i].changeFrame(cdMo * oMo, cP);
            point[i].projection(cP, p_);
 
            pd[i].set_x(p_[0]);
            pd[i].set_y(p_[1]);
            pd[i].set_Z(cP[2]);
          }
        }
 
        // Get tag corners
        std::vector<vpImagePoint> corners = detector.getPolygon(0);
 
        // Update visual features
        for (size_t i = 0; i < corners.size(); i++) {
          // Update the point feature from the tag corners location
          vpFeatureBuilder::create(p[i], cam, corners[i]);
          // Set the feature Z coordinate from the pose
          vpColVector cP;
          point[i].changeFrame(cMo, cP);
 
          p[i].set_Z(cP[2]);
        }
 
        if (opt_task_sequencing) {
          if (!servo_started) {
            if (send_velocities) {
              servo_started = true;
            }
            t_init_servo = vpTime::measureTimeMs();
          }
          v_c = task.computeControlLaw((vpTime::measureTimeMs() - t_init_servo) / 1000.);
        }
        else {
          v_c = task.computeControlLaw();
        }
 
        // Display the current and desired feature points in the image display
        vpServoDisplay::display(task, cam, I);
        for (size_t i = 0; i < corners.size(); i++) {
          std::stringstream ss;
          ss << i;
          // Display current point indexes
          vpDisplay::displayText(I, corners[i] + vpImagePoint(15, 15), ss.str(), vpColor::red);
          // Display desired point indexes
          vpImagePoint ip;
          vpMeterPixelConversion::convertPoint(cam, pd[i].get_x(), pd[i].get_y(), ip);
          vpDisplay::displayText(I, ip + vpImagePoint(15, 15), ss.str(), vpColor::red);
        }
        if (first_time) {
          traj_corners = new std::vector<vpImagePoint>[corners.size()];
        }
        // Display the trajectory of the points used as features
        display_point_trajectory(I, corners, traj_corners);
 
        if (opt_plot) {
          plotter->plot(0, iter_plot, task.getError());
          plotter->plot(1, iter_plot, v_c);
          iter_plot++;
        }
 
        if (opt_verbose) {
          std::cout << "v_c: " << v_c.t() << std::endl;
        }
 
        double error = task.getError().sumSquare();
        std::stringstream ss;
        ss << "error: " << error;
        vpDisplay::displayText(I, 20, static_cast<int>(I.getWidth()) - 150, ss.str(), vpColor::red);
 
        if (opt_verbose)
          std::cout << "error: " << error << std::endl;
 
        if (error < convergence_threshold) {
          has_converged = true;
          std::cout << "Servo task has converged"
            << "\n";
          vpDisplay::displayText(I, 100, 20, "Servo task has converged", vpColor::red);
        }
        if (first_time) {
          first_time = false;
        }
      } // end if (cMo_vec.size() == 1)
      else {
        v_c = 0;
      }
 
      if (!send_velocities) {
        v_c = 0;
      }
 
      // Send to the robot
      robot.setVelocity(vpRobot::CAMERA_FRAME, v_c);
 
      {
        std::stringstream ss;
        ss << "Loop time: " << vpTime::measureTimeMs() - t_start << " ms";
        vpDisplay::displayText(I, 40, 20, ss.str(), vpColor::red);
      }
      vpDisplay::flush(I);
 
      vpMouseButton::vpMouseButtonType button;
      if (vpDisplay::getClick(I, button, false)) {
        switch (button) {
        case vpMouseButton::button1:
          send_velocities = !send_velocities;
          break;
 
        case vpMouseButton::button3:
          final_quit = true;
          v_c = 0;
          break;
 
        default:
          break;
        }
      }
    }
    std::cout << "Stop the robot " << std::endl;
    robot.setRobotState(vpRobot::STATE_STOP);
 
    if (opt_plot && plotter != nullptr) {
      delete plotter;
      plotter = nullptr;
    }
 
    if (!final_quit) {
      while (!final_quit) {
        rs.acquire(I);
        vpDisplay::display(I);
 
        vpDisplay::displayText(I, 20, 20, "Click to quit the program.", vpColor::red);
        vpDisplay::displayText(I, 40, 20, "Visual servo converged.", vpColor::red);
 
        if (vpDisplay::getClick(I, false)) {
          final_quit = true;
        }
 
        vpDisplay::flush(I);
      }
    }
    if (traj_corners) {
      delete[] traj_corners;
    }
  }
  catch (const vpException &e) {
    std::cout << "ViSP exception: " << e.what() << std::endl;
    std::cout << "Stop the robot " << std::endl;
    robot.setRobotState(vpRobot::STATE_STOP);
    return EXIT_FAILURE;
  }
  catch (const std::exception &e) {
    std::cout << "ur_rtde exception: " << e.what() << std::endl;
    return EXIT_FAILURE;
  }
 
  return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
#else
int main()
{
#if !defined(VISP_HAVE_REALSENSE2)
  std::cout << "Install librealsense-2.x" << std::endl;
#endif
#if !defined(VISP_HAVE_UR_RTDE)
  std::cout << "ViSP is not build with libur_rtde 3rd party used to control a robot from Universal Robots..."
    << std::endl;
#endif
  return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
#endif