Visual Servoing Platform  version 3.5.0 under development (2022-02-15)
vpHomography.cpp
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30  *
31  * Description:
32  * Homography transformation.
33  *
34  * Authors:
35  * Muriel Pressigout
36  * Fabien Spindler
37  *
38  *****************************************************************************/
39 
46 #include <stdio.h>
47 
48 #include <visp3/core/vpDebug.h>
49 #include <visp3/core/vpMatrix.h>
50 #include <visp3/core/vpRobust.h>
51 #include <visp3/vision/vpHomography.h>
52 
53 // Exception
54 #include <visp3/core/vpException.h>
55 #include <visp3/core/vpMatrixException.h>
56 
60 vpHomography::vpHomography() : vpArray2D<double>(3, 3), aMb(), bP() { eye(); }
61 
66 vpHomography::vpHomography(const vpHomography &H) : vpArray2D<double>(3, 3), aMb(), bP() { *this = H; }
67 
71 vpHomography::vpHomography(const vpHomogeneousMatrix &M, const vpPlane &p) : vpArray2D<double>(3, 3), aMb(), bP()
72 {
73  buildFrom(M, p);
74 }
75 
77  : vpArray2D<double>(3, 3), aMb(), bP()
78 {
79  buildFrom(tu, atb, p);
80 }
81 
83  : vpArray2D<double>(3, 3), aMb(), bP()
84 {
85  buildFrom(aRb, atb, p);
86 }
87 
88 vpHomography::vpHomography(const vpPoseVector &arb, const vpPlane &p) : vpArray2D<double>(3, 3), aMb(), bP()
89 {
90  buildFrom(arb, p);
91 }
92 
94 {
95  insert(M);
96  insert(p);
97  build();
98 }
99 
101 {
102  insert(tu);
103  insert(atb);
104  insert(p);
105  build();
106 }
107 
109 {
110  insert(aRb);
111  insert(atb);
112  insert(p);
113  build();
114 }
115 
116 void vpHomography::buildFrom(const vpPoseVector &arb, const vpPlane &p)
117 {
118  aMb.buildFrom(arb[0], arb[1], arb[2], arb[3], arb[4], arb[5]);
119  insert(p);
120  build();
121 }
122 
123 /*********************************************************************/
124 
129 void vpHomography::insert(const vpRotationMatrix &aRb) { aMb.insert(aRb); }
130 
135 void vpHomography::insert(const vpHomogeneousMatrix &M) { this->aMb = M; }
136 
142 void vpHomography::insert(const vpThetaUVector &tu)
143 {
144  vpRotationMatrix aRb(tu);
145  aMb.insert(aRb);
146 }
147 
152 void vpHomography::insert(const vpTranslationVector &atb) { aMb.insert(atb); }
153 
158 void vpHomography::insert(const vpPlane &p) { this->bP = p; }
159 
171 vpHomography vpHomography::inverse(double sv_threshold, unsigned int *rank) const
172 {
173  vpMatrix M = (*this).convert();
174  vpMatrix Minv;
175  unsigned int r = M.pseudoInverse(Minv, sv_threshold);
176  if (rank != NULL) {
177  *rank = r;
178  }
179 
180  vpHomography H;
181 
182  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < 3; i++)
183  for (unsigned int j = 0; j < 3; j++)
184  H[i][j] = Minv[i][j];
185 
186  return H;
187 }
188 
194 void vpHomography::inverse(vpHomography &bHa) const { bHa = inverse(); }
195 
203 void vpHomography::save(std::ofstream &f) const
204 {
205  if (!f.fail()) {
206  f << *this;
207  } else {
208  throw(vpException(vpException::ioError, "Cannot write the homography to the output stream"));
209  }
210 }
211 
226 {
227  vpHomography Hp;
228  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
229  for (unsigned int j = 0; j < 3; j++) {
230  double s = 0.;
231  for (unsigned int k = 0; k < 3; k++) {
232  s += (*this)[i][k] * H[k][j];
233  }
234  Hp[i][j] = s;
235  }
236  }
237  return Hp;
238 }
239 
246 {
247  if (b.size() != 3)
248  throw(vpException(vpException::dimensionError, "Cannot multiply an homography by a vector of dimension %d",
249  b.size()));
250 
251  vpColVector a(3);
252  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
253  a[i] = 0.;
254  for (unsigned int j = 0; j < 3; j++)
255  a[i] += (*this)[i][j] * b[j];
256  }
257 
258  return a;
259 }
260 
275 vpHomography vpHomography::operator*(const double &v) const
276 {
277  vpHomography H;
278 
279  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < 9; i++) {
280  H.data[i] = this->data[i] * v;
281  }
282 
283  return H;
284 }
285 
296 {
297  vpPoint a_P;
298  vpColVector v(3), v1(3);
299 
300  v[0] = b_P.get_x();
301  v[1] = b_P.get_y();
302  v[2] = b_P.get_w();
303 
304  v1[0] = (*this)[0][0] * v[0] + (*this)[0][1] * v[1] + (*this)[0][2] * v[2];
305  v1[1] = (*this)[1][0] * v[0] + (*this)[1][1] * v[1] + (*this)[1][2] * v[2];
306  v1[2] = (*this)[2][0] * v[0] + (*this)[2][1] * v[1] + (*this)[2][2] * v[2];
307 
308  // v1 = M*v ;
309  a_P.set_x(v1[0]);
310  a_P.set_y(v1[1]);
311  a_P.set_w(v1[2]);
312 
313  return a_P;
314 }
328 vpHomography vpHomography::operator/(const double &v) const
329 {
330  vpHomography H;
331  if (std::fabs(v) <= std::numeric_limits<double>::epsilon())
332  throw vpMatrixException(vpMatrixException::divideByZeroError, "Divide by zero in method /=(double v)");
333 
334  double vinv = 1 / v;
335 
336  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < 9; i++) {
337  H.data[i] = this->data[i] * vinv;
338  }
339 
340  return H;
341 }
342 
345 {
346  // if (x == 0)
347  if (std::fabs(v) <= std::numeric_limits<double>::epsilon())
348  throw vpMatrixException(vpMatrixException::divideByZeroError, "Divide by zero in method /=(double v)");
349 
350  double vinv = 1 / v;
351 
352  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < 9; i++)
353  data[i] *= vinv;
354 
355  return *this;
356 }
357 
365 {
366  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < 3; i++)
367  for (unsigned int j = 0; j < 3; j++)
368  (*this)[i][j] = H[i][j];
369 
370  aMb = H.aMb;
371  bP = H.bP;
372  return *this;
373 }
381 {
382  if (H.getRows() != 3 || H.getCols() != 3)
383  throw(vpException(vpException::dimensionError, "The matrix is not an homography"));
384 
385  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < 3; i++)
386  for (unsigned int j = 0; j < 3; j++)
387  (*this)[i][j] = H[i][j];
388 
389  return *this;
390 }
391 
400 void vpHomography::load(std::ifstream &f)
401 {
402  if (!f.fail()) {
403  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < 3; i++)
404  for (unsigned int j = 0; j < 3; j++) {
405  f >> (*this)[i][j];
406  }
407  } else {
408  throw(vpException(vpException::ioError, "Cannot read the homography from the input stream"));
409  }
410 }
411 
419 void vpHomography::build()
420 {
421  vpColVector n(3);
422  vpColVector atb(3);
423  vpMatrix aRb(3, 3);
424  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
425  atb[i] = aMb[i][3];
426  for (unsigned int j = 0; j < 3; j++)
427  aRb[i][j] = aMb[i][j];
428  }
429 
430  bP.getNormal(n);
431 
432  double d = bP.getD();
433  vpMatrix aHb = aRb - atb * n.t() / d; // the d used in the equation is such as nX=d is the
434  // plane equation. So if the plane is described by
435  // Ax+By+Cz+D=0, d=-D
436 
437  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < 3; i++)
438  for (unsigned int j = 0; j < 3; j++)
439  (*this)[i][j] = aHb[i][j];
440 }
441 
450 void vpHomography::build(vpHomography &aHb, const vpHomogeneousMatrix &aMb, const vpPlane &bP)
451 {
452  vpColVector n(3);
453  vpColVector atb(3);
454  vpMatrix aRb(3, 3);
455  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
456  atb[i] = aMb[i][3];
457  for (unsigned int j = 0; j < 3; j++)
458  aRb[i][j] = aMb[i][j];
459  }
460 
461  bP.getNormal(n);
462 
463  double d = bP.getD();
464  vpMatrix aHb_ = aRb - atb * n.t() / d; // the d used in the equation is such as nX=d is the
465  // plane equation. So if the plane is described by
466  // Ax+By+Cz+D=0, d=-D
467 
468  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < 3; i++)
469  for (unsigned int j = 0; j < 3; j++)
470  aHb[i][j] = aHb_[i][j];
471 }
472 
476 double vpHomography::det() const
477 {
478  return ((*this)[0][0] * ((*this)[1][1] * (*this)[2][2] - (*this)[1][2] * (*this)[2][1]) -
479  (*this)[0][1] * ((*this)[1][0] * (*this)[2][2] - (*this)[1][2] * (*this)[2][0]) +
480  (*this)[0][2] * ((*this)[1][0] * (*this)[2][1] - (*this)[1][1] * (*this)[2][0]));
481 }
482 
488 {
489  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < 3; i++)
490  for (unsigned int j = 0; j < 3; j++)
491  if (i == j)
492  (*this)[i][j] = 1.0;
493  else
494  (*this)[i][j] = 0.0;
495 }
496 
497 #if defined(VISP_BUILD_DEPRECATED_FUNCTIONS)
498 
505 #endif // #if defined(VISP_BUILD_DEPRECATED_FUNCTIONS)
506 
520 {
521  double xa = iPa.get_u();
522  double ya = iPa.get_v();
523  vpHomography bGa = bHa.homography2collineation(cam);
524  double z = xa * bGa[2][0] + ya * bGa[2][1] + bGa[2][2];
525  double xb = (xa * bGa[0][0] + ya * bGa[0][1] + bGa[0][2]) / z;
526  double yb = (xa * bGa[1][0] + ya * bGa[1][1] + bGa[1][2]) / z;
527 
528  vpImagePoint iPb(yb, xb);
529 
530  return iPb;
531 }
532 
546 {
547  double xa = Pa.get_x();
548  double ya = Pa.get_y();
549  double z = xa * bHa[2][0] + ya * bHa[2][1] + bHa[2][2];
550  double xb = (xa * bHa[0][0] + ya * bHa[0][1] + bHa[0][2]) / z;
551  double yb = (xa * bHa[1][0] + ya * bHa[1][1] + bHa[1][2]) / z;
552 
553  vpPoint Pb;
554  Pb.set_x(xb);
555  Pb.set_y(yb);
556 
557  return Pb;
558 }
559 
593 void vpHomography::robust(const std::vector<double> &xb, const std::vector<double> &yb, const std::vector<double> &xa,
594  const std::vector<double> &ya, vpHomography &aHb, std::vector<bool> &inliers,
595  double &residual, double weights_threshold, unsigned int niter, bool normalization)
596 {
597  unsigned int n = (unsigned int)xb.size();
598  if (yb.size() != n || xa.size() != n || ya.size() != n)
599  throw(vpException(vpException::dimensionError, "Bad dimension for robust homography estimation"));
600 
601  // 4 point are required
602  if (n < 4)
603  throw(vpException(vpException::fatalError, "There must be at least 4 matched points"));
604 
605  try {
606  std::vector<double> xan, yan, xbn, ybn;
607 
608  double xg1 = 0., yg1 = 0., coef1 = 0., xg2 = 0., yg2 = 0., coef2 = 0.;
609 
610  vpHomography aHbn;
611 
612  if (normalization) {
613  vpHomography::HartleyNormalization(xb, yb, xbn, ybn, xg1, yg1, coef1);
614  vpHomography::HartleyNormalization(xa, ya, xan, yan, xg2, yg2, coef2);
615  } else {
616  xbn = xb;
617  ybn = yb;
618  xan = xa;
619  yan = ya;
620  }
621 
622  unsigned int nbLinesA = 2;
623  vpMatrix A(nbLinesA * n, 8);
624  vpColVector X(8);
625  vpColVector Y(nbLinesA * n);
626  vpMatrix W(nbLinesA * n, nbLinesA * n, 0); // Weight matrix
627 
628  vpColVector w(nbLinesA * n);
629 
630  // All the weights are set to 1 at the beginning to use a classical least
631  // square scheme
632  w = 1;
633  // Update the square matrix associated to the weights
634  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < nbLinesA * n; i++) {
635  W[i][i] = w[i];
636  }
637 
638  // build matrix A
639  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
640  A[nbLinesA * i][0] = xbn[i];
641  A[nbLinesA * i][1] = ybn[i];
642  A[nbLinesA * i][2] = 1;
643  A[nbLinesA * i][3] = 0;
644  A[nbLinesA * i][4] = 0;
645  A[nbLinesA * i][5] = 0;
646  A[nbLinesA * i][6] = -xbn[i] * xan[i];
647  A[nbLinesA * i][7] = -ybn[i] * xan[i];
648 
649  A[nbLinesA * i + 1][0] = 0;
650  A[nbLinesA * i + 1][1] = 0;
651  A[nbLinesA * i + 1][2] = 0;
652  A[nbLinesA * i + 1][3] = xbn[i];
653  A[nbLinesA * i + 1][4] = ybn[i];
654  A[nbLinesA * i + 1][5] = 1;
655  A[nbLinesA * i + 1][6] = -xbn[i] * yan[i];
656  A[nbLinesA * i + 1][7] = -ybn[i] * yan[i];
657 
658  Y[nbLinesA * i] = xan[i];
659  Y[nbLinesA * i + 1] = yan[i];
660  }
661 
662  vpMatrix WA;
663  vpMatrix WAp;
664  unsigned int iter = 0;
665  vpRobust r; // M-Estimator
666 
667  while (iter < niter) {
668  WA = W * A;
669 
670  X = WA.pseudoInverse(1e-26) * W * Y;
671  vpColVector residu;
672  residu = Y - A * X;
673 
674  // Compute the weights using the Tukey biweight M-Estimator
675  r.MEstimator(vpRobust::TUKEY, residu, w);
676 
677  // Update the weights matrix
678  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < n * nbLinesA; i++) {
679  W[i][i] = w[i];
680  }
681  // Build the homography
682  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < 8; i++)
683  aHbn.data[i] = X[i];
684  aHbn[2][2] = 1;
685 
686  iter++;
687  }
688  inliers.resize(n);
689  unsigned int nbinliers = 0;
690  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
691  if (w[i * 2] < weights_threshold && w[i * 2 + 1] < weights_threshold)
692  inliers[i] = false;
693  else {
694  inliers[i] = true;
695  nbinliers++;
696  }
697  }
698 
699  if (normalization) {
700  // H after denormalization
701  vpHomography::HartleyDenormalization(aHbn, aHb, xg1, yg1, coef1, xg2, yg2, coef2);
702  } else {
703  aHb = aHbn;
704  }
705 
706  residual = 0;
707  vpColVector a(3), b(3), c(3);
708  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
709  if (inliers[i]) {
710  a[0] = xa[i];
711  a[1] = ya[i];
712  a[2] = 1;
713  b[0] = xb[i];
714  b[1] = yb[i];
715  b[2] = 1;
716 
717  c = aHb * b;
718  c /= c[2];
719  residual += (a - c).sumSquare();
720  }
721  }
722 
723  residual = sqrt(residual / nbinliers);
724  } catch (...) {
725  throw(vpException(vpException::fatalError, "Cannot estimate an homography"));
726  }
727 }
728 
737 {
738  vpImagePoint ipa;
739  double u = ipb.get_u();
740  double v = ipb.get_v();
741 
742  double u_a = (*this)[0][0] * u + (*this)[0][1] * v + (*this)[0][2];
743  double v_a = (*this)[1][0] * u + (*this)[1][1] * v + (*this)[1][2];
744  double w_a = (*this)[2][0] * u + (*this)[2][1] * v + (*this)[2][2];
745 
746  if (std::fabs(w_a) > std::numeric_limits<double>::epsilon()) {
747  ipa.set_u(u_a / w_a);
748  ipa.set_v(v_a / w_a);
749  }
750 
751  return ipa;
752 }
753 
759 {
760  vpMatrix M(3, 3);
761  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < 3; i++)
762  for (unsigned int j = 0; j < 3; j++)
763  M[i][j] = (*this)[i][j];
764 
765  return M;
766 }
767 
787 {
788  vpHomography H;
789  double px = cam.get_px();
790  double py = cam.get_py();
791  double u0 = cam.get_u0();
792  double v0 = cam.get_v0();
793  double one_over_px = cam.get_px_inverse();
794  double one_over_py = cam.get_py_inverse();
795  double h00 = (*this)[0][0], h01 = (*this)[0][1], h02 = (*this)[0][2];
796  double h10 = (*this)[1][0], h11 = (*this)[1][1], h12 = (*this)[1][2];
797  double h20 = (*this)[2][0], h21 = (*this)[2][1], h22 = (*this)[2][2];
798 
799  double u0_one_over_px = u0 * one_over_px;
800  double v0_one_over_py = v0 * one_over_py;
801 
802  double A = h00 * one_over_px - h20 * u0_one_over_px;
803  double B = h01 * one_over_px - h21 * u0_one_over_px;
804  double C = h02 * one_over_px - h22 * u0_one_over_px;
805  double D = h10 * one_over_py - h20 * v0_one_over_py;
806  double E = h11 * one_over_py - h21 * v0_one_over_py;
807  double F = h12 * one_over_py - h22 * v0_one_over_py;
808 
809  H[0][0] = A * px;
810  H[1][0] = D * px;
811  H[2][0] = h20 * px;
812 
813  H[0][1] = B * py;
814  H[1][1] = E * py;
815  H[2][1] = h21 * py;
816 
817  H[0][2] = A * u0 + B * v0 + C;
818  H[1][2] = D * u0 + E * v0 + F;
819  H[2][2] = h20 * u0 + h21 * v0 + h22;
820 
821  return H;
822 }
823 
843 {
844  vpHomography H;
845  double px = cam.get_px();
846  double py = cam.get_py();
847  double u0 = cam.get_u0();
848  double v0 = cam.get_v0();
849  double one_over_px = cam.get_px_inverse();
850  double one_over_py = cam.get_py_inverse();
851  double h00 = (*this)[0][0], h01 = (*this)[0][1], h02 = (*this)[0][2];
852  double h10 = (*this)[1][0], h11 = (*this)[1][1], h12 = (*this)[1][2];
853  double h20 = (*this)[2][0], h21 = (*this)[2][1], h22 = (*this)[2][2];
854 
855  double A = h00 * px + u0 * h20;
856  double B = h01 * px + u0 * h21;
857  double C = h02 * px + u0 * h22;
858  double D = h10 * py + v0 * h20;
859  double E = h11 * py + v0 * h21;
860  double F = h12 * py + v0 * h22;
861 
862  H[0][0] = A * one_over_px;
863  H[1][0] = D * one_over_px;
864  H[2][0] = h20 * one_over_px;
865 
866  H[0][1] = B * one_over_py;
867  H[1][1] = E * one_over_py;
868  H[2][1] = h21 * one_over_py;
869 
870  double u0_one_over_px = u0 * one_over_px;
871  double v0_one_over_py = v0 * one_over_py;
872 
873  H[0][2] = -A * u0_one_over_px - B * v0_one_over_py + C;
874  H[1][2] = -D * u0_one_over_px - E * v0_one_over_py + F;
875  H[2][2] = - h20 * u0_one_over_px - h21 * v0_one_over_py + h22;
876 
877  return H;
878 }
void buildFrom(const vpRotationMatrix &aRb, const vpTranslationVector &atb, const vpPlane &bP)
Construction from Translation and rotation and a plane.
vpHomography homography2collineation(const vpCameraParameters &cam) const
Implementation of a matrix and operations on matrices.
Definition: vpMatrix.h:153
vpMatrix pseudoInverse(double svThreshold=1e-6) const
Definition: vpMatrix.cpp:2241
vpHomography & operator=(const vpHomography &H)
vpHomography & operator/=(double v)
Divide all the element of the homography matrix by v : Hij = Hij / v.
void MEstimator(const vpRobustEstimatorType method, const vpColVector &residues, vpColVector &weights)
Definition: vpRobust.cpp:137
static vpImagePoint project(const vpCameraParameters &cam, const vpHomography &bHa, const vpImagePoint &iPa)
Implementation of an homogeneous matrix and operations on such kind of matrices.
void set_u(double u)
Definition: vpImagePoint.h:225
error that can be emited by ViSP classes.
Definition: vpException.h:71
double det() const
unsigned int getRows() const
Definition: vpArray2D.h:289
vpRowVector t() const
Type * data
Address of the first element of the data array.
Definition: vpArray2D.h:145
Implementation of a generic 2D array used as base class for matrices and vectors. ...
Definition: vpArray2D.h:131
vpImagePoint projection(const vpImagePoint &p)
unsigned int size() const
Return the number of elements of the 2D array.
Definition: vpArray2D.h:291
vpHomography operator*(const vpHomography &H) const
double get_py_inverse() const
Class that defines a 3D point in the object frame and allows forward projection of a 3D point in the ...
Definition: vpPoint.h:81
void set_x(double x)
Set the point x coordinate in the image plane.
Definition: vpPoint.cpp:511
Implementation of a rotation matrix and operations on such kind of matrices.
void set_y(double y)
Set the point y coordinate in the image plane.
Definition: vpPoint.cpp:513
unsigned int getCols() const
Definition: vpArray2D.h:279
void insert(const vpRotationMatrix &R)
double get_w() const
Get the point w coordinate in the image plane.
Definition: vpPoint.cpp:474
Implementation of an homography and operations on homographies.
Definition: vpHomography.h:174
double get_u() const
Definition: vpImagePoint.h:262
vpHomography collineation2homography(const vpCameraParameters &cam) const
double getD() const
Definition: vpPlane.h:108
vpHomography inverse(double sv_threshold=1e-16, unsigned int *rank=NULL) const
invert the homography
vpHomography()
initialize an homography as Identity
void load(std::ifstream &f)
Load an homography from a file.
Generic class defining intrinsic camera parameters.
vpMatrix convert() const
void save(std::ofstream &f) const
void buildFrom(const vpTranslationVector &t, const vpRotationMatrix &R)
static void robust(const std::vector< double > &xb, const std::vector< double > &yb, const std::vector< double > &xa, const std::vector< double > &ya, vpHomography &aHb, std::vector< bool > &inlier, double &residual, double weights_threshold=0.4, unsigned int niter=4, bool normalization=true)
vpHomography operator/(const double &v) const
void resize(unsigned int nrows, unsigned int ncols, bool flagNullify=true)
Definition: vpHomography.h:266
vpColVector getNormal() const
Definition: vpPlane.cpp:238
void set_v(double v)
Definition: vpImagePoint.h:236
Implementation of column vector and the associated operations.
Definition: vpColVector.h:130
double get_x() const
Get the point x coordinate in the image plane.
Definition: vpPoint.cpp:470
Implementation of a pose vector and operations on poses.
Definition: vpPoseVector.h:151
void set_w(double w)
Set the point w coordinate in the image plane.
Definition: vpPoint.cpp:515
double get_y() const
Get the point y coordinate in the image plane.
Definition: vpPoint.cpp:472
Contains an M-estimator and various influence function.
Definition: vpRobust.h:88
error that can be emited by the vpMatrix class and its derivates
Tukey influence function.
Definition: vpRobust.h:93
Class that defines a 2D point in an image. This class is useful for image processing and stores only ...
Definition: vpImagePoint.h:87
This class defines the container for a plane geometrical structure.
Definition: vpPlane.h:58
void convert(std::vector< float > &M)
Class that consider the case of a translation vector.
Implementation of a rotation vector as axis-angle minimal representation.
void setIdentity()
double get_v() const
Definition: vpImagePoint.h:273
double get_px_inverse() const