In this tutorial you will learn how to install ViSP from source on Raspberry Pi equipped with an optional HD camera module. This tutorial was tested with a RPi 1, RPi 2 model B and RPi 4 model B.

In a first section we give some useful instructions to start with a Raspberry PI. Then in the second section, we focus on the installation of ViSP from source.

Note: Concerning ViSP installation, we provide also other Tutorials for ViSP users.

Raspberry Pi installation

Setting up Raspberry Pi

There are a lot of documentation and tutorial that explain different ways to setup a Raspberry Pi. A good reference is the official page http://www.raspberrypi.org/.
We suggest to start with NOOBS (New Out Of the Box Software). Bellow we resume the different steps that are fully described in http://www.raspberrypi.org/help/noobs-setup/:
- Format you SD card (at least 4Go are requested) on your computer. To this end you can use "GParted partition editor" under Ubuntu.
- Download Noobs "Offline and network install" zip file from http://www.raspberrypi.org/downloads/.
- Unzip all the files on the SD card.
- Insert your SD Card into your Raspberry Pi.
- Plug in your keyboard, mouse, monitor and Ethernet cables.
- Now plug in the USB power cable to your Pi.
- Your Raspberry Pi will boot, and a window will appear with a list of different operating systems that you can install. Select the "recommended Raspbian" checkbox and click on "Install" button.
- When the install process has completed, the Raspberry Pi configuration menu (raspi-config) will load. Here you are able to set the time and date for your region and enable a Raspberry Pi camera board, or even create users. You can exit this menu by using Tab on your keyboard to move to Finish.

Logging in

The default login for Raspbian is username pi with the password raspberry.

Update your Raspbian distribution

If your Raspberry Pi is connected to Ethernet you can update your Raspbian distribution:
```
$ sudo apt-get update
$ sudo apt-get upgrade
```

Setting up a Raspberry Pi camera

If you have a Raspberry Pi camera module see http://www.raspberrypi.org/help/camera-module-setup/. To resume, enable the camera using:
```
$ sudo raspi-config
```
Enter in menu "Interfacing Options" to enable the camera.
Do a reboot
```
$ sudo reboot
```
Connect again and load the camera module:
```
$ sudo modprobe bcm2835-v4l2
```

This will add the following modules:

$ lsmod
Module Size Used by
bcm2835_v4l2 37611 0
videobuf2_core 30853 1 bcm2835_v4l2
v4l2_common 7792 1 bcm2835_v4l2
videodev 121362 3 bcm2835_v4l2,v4l2_common,videobuf2_core

To check if the camera is recognized and connected, run:
```
$ v4l2-ctl --list-formats
```
After each Raspberry Pi reboot you need to relaunch the previous modprobe command. To load bcm2835-v4l2 module during reboot, you can edit /etc/modules file
```
$ sudo nano /etc/modules
```
and add a line with the name of the module:
```
bcm2835-v4l2
```
To check if the camera is working you may run in a terminal:
```
$ v4l2-ctl --overlay=1 # enable viewfinder
```
Here you should see the live camera stream. To disable camera view run
```
v4l2-ctl --overlay=0 # disable viewfinder
```

Start graphical user interface

To load the graphical user interface, type startx and press Enter on your keyboard. This will later allow to use ViSP vpDisplayX or vpDisplayOpenCV classes useful to display images in a X11 window.

Install prerequisites

First you need to install the following packages (g++, CMake, Git) that are requested to get and build ViSP:
```
$ sudo apt-get install build-essential cmake-curses-gui git subversion wget
```

Create a workspace

First create a workspace that will contain all ViSP source, build, data set and optional 3rd parties. This workspace is here set to $HOME/visp-ws folder, but it could be set to any other location.

In a terminal, run:

$ echo "export VISP_WS=$HOME/visp-ws" >> ~/.bashrc
$ source ~/.bashrc
$ mkdir -p $VISP_WS

Quick ViSP installation

In this section, we give minimal instructions to build ViSP from source just to try ViSP without entering in Advanced ViSP installation.

Install a small number of recommended 3rd parties

$ sudo apt-get install libopencv-dev libx11-dev liblapack-dev libeigen3-dev libv4l-dev \
  libzbar-dev libpthread-stubs0-dev libjpeg-dev libpng12-dev

Get ViSP source code

$ cd $VISP_WS
$ git clone https://github.com/lagadic/visp.git

Create a build folder and build ViSP

$ mkdir -p $VISP_WS/visp-build
$ cd $VISP_WS/visp-build
$ cmake ../visp
$ make -j4

Set VISP_DIR environment variable

$ echo "export VISP_DIR=$VISP_WS/visp-build" >> ~/.bashrc
$ source ~/.bashrc

To have a trial, just jump to Install ViSP data set before running some binaries that you just build or jump to Next tutorial. You can later come back to the Advanced ViSP installation.

Advanced ViSP installation

Install 3rd parties

ViSP is interfaced with several optional 3rd party libraries. The complete list is provided here.

Note: ViSP can be used without any third-party since all of them are optional. But obviously in this case, as we do not want to reinvent the wheel, some features implemented in third-party libraries will not be exploitable through ViSP. It is therefore possible to skip in a first time this section and start directly to Quick ViSP installation. Later, if you realize that a third-party library is missing, you can still install it, go back to the build folder, configure ViSP with CMake to detect the newly installed third-party library and build ViSP again as explained in How to take into account a newly installed 3rd party.

Install recommended 3rd parties

ViSP is interfaced with several optional 3rd party libraries. The complete list is provided here. We recommend to install the following:

OpenCV
libX11 to be able to open a window to display images
lapack and eigen to benefit from optimized mathematical capabilities
libv4l to grab images from usb or analogic cameras
libzbar to be able to detect QR codes
pthread library

Installation of recommended 3rd parties could be performed running:

$ sudo apt-get install libopencv-dev libx11-dev liblapack-dev libeigen3-dev libv4l-dev \
  libzbar-dev libpthread-stubs0-dev

Other optional 3rd parties

We give also the way to install other 3rd party libraries to enable specific capabilities.

libjpeg and libpng to support jpeg and png images respectively (only useful if OpenCV is not installed)
```
$ sudo apt-get install libjpeg-dev libpng12-dev
```

Get ViSP source code

There are different ways to get ViSP source code on Raspberry Pi:

You can download the latest release as a zip or a tarball. Once downloaded, uncompress the file using either
```
$ tar xvzf visp-x.y.z.tar.gz -C $VISP_WS
```
or
```
$ unzip visp-x.y.z.zip -d $VISP_WS
```
You can also download a daily snapshot. Once downloaded, uncompress the file using
```
$ tar xvzf visp-snapshot-yyyy-mm-dd.tar.gz -C $VISP_WS
```
Or you get the cutting-edge ViSP from GitHub repository using the following command
```
$ cd $VISP_WS
$ git clone https://github.com/lagadic/visp.git
```

We suppose now that ViSP source is in the directory $VISP_WS/visp. The following should be adapted if you downloaded ViSP from a zip or tarball. In that case, the source is rather in something like $VISP_WS/visp-x.y.z.

Configure ViSP from source

These are the steps to configure ViSP from source with CMake:

In the workspace, create first a directory named visp-build that will contain all the build material; generated Makefiles, object files, output libraries and binaries.
```
$ mkdir $VISP_WS/visp-build
```
Enter the visp-build folder and configure the build:
```
$ cd $VISP_WS/visp-build
$ cmake ../visp
```
A more versatile way to configure the build is to use ccmake, the CMake GUI:
```
$ ccmake ../visp
```
The following image shows that this command allows to configure (just by pressing [c] key) the build in a more advanced way where some options could be easily turned ON/OFF. It allows also to see which are the 3rd parties that will be used. To generate the makefiles, just press [g] key in the ccmake gui.

Snapshot of the "ccmake ../visp" command used to configure ViSP.

Build ViSP libraries

To build ViSP libraries proceed with:

$ cd $VISP_WS/visp-build
$ make -j4

Build ViSP documentation

To build ViSP documentation, you have first to install Doxygen package:

$ sudo apt-get install doxygen graphviz texlive-latex-base

Then you can proceed with:

$ cd $VISP_WS/visp-build
$ cmake ../visp
$ make -j4 visp_doc

The generated documentation is then available in $VISP_WS/visp-build/doc/html/index.html

Note

To speed up generating online doc, particularly around formula rendering, you can use MatJax. To this end, install MathJax and build doc using:
```
$ npm install mathjax
$ cmake ../visp -DUSE_MATHJAX=ON
$ make -j4 visp_doc
```

It is also possible to generate a more complete documentation that includes also all the internal classes. This could be achieved setting CMake var ENABLE_FULL_DOC to ON like:
```
$ cmake ../visp -DENABLE_FULL_DOC=ON
$ make -j4 visp_doc
```

Set VISP_DIR environment var

In order to ease ViSP detection by CMake when ViSP is used as a 3rd party in an external project, like the one described in the Tutorial: How to create and build a project that uses ViSP and CMake on Unix or Windows, you may set VISP_DIR environment variable with the path to the VISPConfig.cmake file:

$ echo "export VISP_DIR=$VISP_WS/visp-build" >> ~/.bashrc
$ source ~/.bashrc

Install ViSP data set

Some ViSP examples and tests require a data set that contains images, video, models that is not part of ViSP source code. This data set is available in Github (https://github.com/lagadic/visp-images) or as a release in a separate archive named visp-images-x.y.z.zip. This archive could be downloaded from http://visp.inria.fr/download page. Note that ViSP tutorials are not using ViSP data set.

We give hereafter the two ways to get this data set:

1. Get data set release

Download visp-images-3.3.0.zip from https://visp.inria.fr/download and uncompress it in your workspace %VISP_WS%:
```
$ unzip ~/Downloads/visp-images-3.2.0.zip -d $VISP_WS
```

We suppose now that the data are located in $VISP_WS/visp-images-3.3.0.

$ ls $VISP_WS/visp-images-3.3.0
3dmodel    LICENSE.txt    circle     ellipse-1    iv      mbt-depth     video
AprilTag   README.md      cube       endianness   line    mire          warp
Klimt      calibration    ellipse    faces        mbt     mire-2        xml

Once downloaded, you need to set VISP_INPUT_IMAGE_PATH environment variable to help ViSP examples and tests to detect automatically the location of the requested data. In our case, this variable should be set to $VISP_WS/visp-images-3.3.0. It is more convenient if this environment variables is automatically added to your bash session every time a new shell is launched:
```
$ echo "export VISP_INPUT_IMAGE_PATH=$VISP_WS/visp-images-3.3.0" >> ~/.bashrc
$ source ~/.bashrc
```

2. Get data set from github

Use git to get the data set latest version:

C:\> cd $VISP_WS
C:\> git clone https://github.com/lagadic/visp-images.git

Once cloned, you need to set VISP_INPUT_IMAGE_PATH environment variable to help ViSP examples and tests to detect automatically the location of the requested data. In our case, this variable should be set to $VISP_WS%/visp-images. In a shell run:
```
$ echo "export VISP_INPUT_IMAGE_PATH=$VISP_WS/visp-images" >> ~/.bashrc
$ source ~/.bashrc
```

Test data set usage

From now, you can try to run ViSP examples and tests. For example you can run displayX example that should open a windows with Klimt painting image and some overlay drawings:

$ cd $VISP_WS/visp-build
$ ./example/device/display/displayX

A click to close the windows...

A click to display a cross...
Cross position: 201, 441

A click to exit the program...
Bye

Tips and tricks

How to take into account a newly installed 3rd party

Since all 3rd parties are optional you may have started to install only some of them. Imagine that you just installed a new third-party, or that you upgraded the version of this 3rd party. The next step is to go back to the build folder, configure ViSP with CMake to detect the newly installed third-party library and build again ViSP. This could be achieved with:

$ cd $VISP_WS/visp-build
$ cmake ../visp

Here you can check the content of the ViSP-third-party.txt file and see if the newly installed 3rd party is well detected (see Which are the 3rd party libraries that are used in ViSP ?).

Finally, you need to rebuild ViSP with:

$ make -j4

How to install ViSP

Installing ViSP is optional and not recommended, since ViSP could be used as a 3rd party without installation. If you still want to proceed with the installation run:

$ cd $VISP_WS/visp-build
$ sudo make install

Note

The default install location is set to /usr/local. This location could be changed modifying CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX var:

$ cd $VISP_WS/visp-build
$ cmake ../visp -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=/usr
$ make -j4
$ sudo make install

If you proceed to ViSP installation in a system folder like /usr or /usr/local there is no need to Set VISP_DIR environment var that helps CMake to find ViSP libraries in an external project that uses ViSP as a 3rd party. If you rather install ViSP in a non "standard" folder, let say /my/install/folder, you have to set VISP_DIR to /my/install/folder/lib/cmake/visp that contains the VISPConfig.cmake file:

$ cd $VISP_WS/visp-build
$ cmake ../visp -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=/my/install/folder
$ make -j4
$ sudo make install
$ echo "export VISP_DIR=/my/install/folder/lib/cmake/visp" >> ~/.bashrc
$ source ~/.bashrc

How to uninstall ViSP

After ViSP installation, you can remove installed material using:

$ cd $VISP_WS/visp-build
$ sudo make uninstall

How to build only ViSP libraries

If you want to build only ViSP modules libraries, nor the examples, tutorials and tests:

$ cd $VISP_WS/visp-build
$ make -j4 visp_modules

How to build a ViSP specific module

If you want to build a given module and all the dependencies:

$ cd $VISP_WS/visp-build
$ make -j4 visp_<module_name>

For example to build the model-based tracker module named mbt, run:

$ cd $VISP_WS/visp-build
$ make -j4 visp_mbt

Which are the targets that could be run with make ?

To know which are the target available with make:

$ make help | grep visp
... visp_tests
... visp_tutorials
... visp_examples
... visp_demos
... visp_modules
... visp_clipper
... visp_apriltag
... visp_qbdevice
... visp_reflex_takktile2
... visp_pugixml
... visp_simdlib
... visp_core
... visp_gui
... visp_imgproc
... visp_io
... gen_visp_java_source
... visp_klt
... visp_me
... visp_sensor
... visp_ar
... visp_blob
... visp_robot
... visp_visual_features
... visp_vs
... visp_vision
... visp_detection
... visp_mbt
... visp_tt
... visp_tt_mi

Which are the 3rd party libraries that are used in ViSP ?

To see which are the optional 3rd parties that are found during the configuration stage and that will be used by ViSP during the build you can have a look to the text file named ViSP-third-party.txt and located in $VISP_WS/visp-build. We provide hereafter an example of a possible content of this file that contains also build info.

$ cat $VISP_WS/visp-build/ViSP-third-party.txt
==========================================================
General configuration information for ViSP 3.3.1

  Version control:               3.2.0-1295-g1656e6037

  Platform:
    Timestamp:                   2020-12-07T13:18:39Z
    Host:                        Linux 5.4.79-v7l+ armv7l
    CMake:                       3.13.4
    CMake generator:             Unix Makefiles
    CMake build tool:            /usr/bin/make
    Configuration:               Release

  C/C++:
    Built as dynamic libs?:      yes
    C++ Compiler:                /usr/bin/c++  (ver 8.3.0)
    C++ flags (Release):         -Wall -Wextra -fopenmp -std=c++11 -fvisibility=hidden -fPIC -O3 -DNDEBUG
    C++ flags (Debug):           -Wall -Wextra -fopenmp -std=c++11 -fvisibility=hidden -fPIC -g
    C Compiler:                  /usr/bin/cc
    C flags (Release):           -Wall -Wextra -fopenmp -std=c++11 -fvisibility=hidden -fPIC -O3 -DNDEBUG
    C flags (Debug):             -Wall -Wextra -fopenmp -std=c++11 -fvisibility=hidden -fPIC -g
    Linker flags (Release):
    Linker flags (Debug):

  ViSP modules:
    To be built:                 core gui imgproc io java_bindings_generator klt me sensor ar blob robot visual_features vs vision detection mbt tt tt_mi
    Disabled:                    -
    Disabled by dependency:      -
    Unavailable:                 java

  Python (for build):            /usr/bin/python2.7

  Java:                          
    ant:                         /usr/bin/ant (ver 1.10.5)
    JNI:                         NO

  Build options: 
    Build deprecated:            yes
    Build with moment combine:   no

  Mathematics: 
    Blas/Lapack:                 yes
    \- Use MKL:                  no
    \- Use OpenBLAS:             no
    \- Use Atlas:                no
    \- Use Netlib:               yes (ver 3.8.0)
    \- Use GSL:                  no
    \- Use Lapack (built-in):    no
    Use Eigen3:                  yes (ver 3.3.7)
    Use OpenCV:                  yes (ver 3.2.0)

  Simulator: 
    Ogre simulator: 
    \- Use Ogre3D:               no
    \- Use OIS:                  no
    Coin simulator: 
    \- Use Coin3D:               no
    \- Use SoWin:                no
    \- Use SoXt:                 no
    \- Use SoQt:                 no
    \- Use Qt5:                  no
    \- Use Qt4:                  no
    \- Use Qt3:                  no

  Media I/O: 
    Use JPEG:                    yes (ver 62)
    Use PNG:                     yes (ver 1.6.36)
    \- Use ZLIB:                 yes (ver 1.2.11)
    Use OpenCV:                  yes (ver 3.2.0)
    Use stb_image (built-in):    no

  Real robots: 
    Use Afma4:                   no
    Use Afma6:                   no
    Use Franka:                  no
    Use Viper650:                no
    Use Viper850:                no
    Use Kinova Jaco:             no
    Use aria (Pioneer):          no
    Use PTU46:                   no
    Use Biclops PTU:             no
    Use Flir PTU SDK:            no
    Use Parrot ARSDK:            no
    \-Use ffmpeg:                no
    Use Virtuose:                no
    Use qbdevice (built-in):     yes (ver 2.6.0)
    Use takktile2 (built-in):    yes (ver 1.0.0)

  GUI: 
    Use X11:                     yes
    Use GTK:                     no
    Use OpenCV:                  yes (ver 3.2.0)
    Use GDI:                     no
    Use Direct3D:                no

  Cameras: 
    Use DC1394-2.x:              yes (ver 2.2.5)
    Use CMU 1394:                no
    Use V4L2:                    yes (ver 1.16.3)
    Use directshow:              no
    Use OpenCV:                  yes (ver 3.2.0)
    Use Flycapture:              no
    Use Pylon:                   no

  RGB-D sensors: 
    Use Realsense:               no
    Use Realsense2:              no
    Use Kinect:                  no
    \- Use libfreenect:          no
    \- Use libusb-1:             no
    \- Use pthread:              yes
    Use PCL:                     no
    \- Use VTK:                  no

  F/T sensors: 
    Use atidaq (built-in):       no
    Use comedi:                  no
    Use IIT SDK:                 no

  Detection: 
    Use zbar:                    yes (ver 0.22)
    Use dmtx:                    no
    Use AprilTag (built-in):     yes (ver 3.1.1)
    \- Use AprilTag big family:  no

  Misc: 
    Use Clipper (built-in):      yes (ver 6.4.2)
    Use pugixml (built-in):      yes (ver 1.9.0)
    Use libxml2:                 yes (ver 2.9.4)

  Optimization: 
    Use OpenMP:                  yes
    Use pthread:                 yes
    Use pthread (built-in):      no
    Use cxx standard:            11

  Documentation: 
    Use doxygen:                 no

  Tests and samples:
    Use catch2 (built-in):       yes (ver 2.9.2)
    Tests:                       yes
    Demos:                       yes
    Examples:                    yes
    Tutorials:                   yes

  Install path:                  /usr/local

==========================================================

Next tutorial

You are now ready to see the next Tutorial: How to create and build a project that uses ViSP and CMake on Unix or Windows that will show you how to use ViSP as a 3rd party to build your own project on Raspberry Pi or on any other system. Then if you have a Raspberry Pi camera module, you can also follow the Tutorial: Blob tracking especially subsection Tracking form v4l2 live cameras.

You may also be interested in Tutorial: Cross-compilation for Raspberry Pi from Ubuntu host if you want to speed up the build process or deploy ViSP on other Raspberry boards.

There is also Tutorial: Visual-servoing with mBot Ranger educational robot kit that uses a Raspberry Pi in order to control a mBot Ranger educational robot kit by visual-servoing.

Table of Contents

Raspberry Pi installation

Setting up Raspberry Pi

Logging in

Update your Raspbian distribution

Setting up a Raspberry Pi camera

Start graphical user interface

Install prerequisites

Create a workspace

Quick ViSP installation

Advanced ViSP installation

Install 3rd parties

Install recommended 3rd parties

Other optional 3rd parties

Get ViSP source code

Configure ViSP from source

Build ViSP libraries

Build ViSP documentation

Set VISP_DIR environment var

Install ViSP data set

Tips and tricks

How to take into account a newly installed 3rd party

How to install ViSP

How to uninstall ViSP

How to build only ViSP libraries

How to build a ViSP specific module

Which are the targets that could be run with make ?

Which are the 3rd party libraries that are used in ViSP ?

Next tutorial